nephrology

A 72-year-old man with a history of chronic kidney disease stage 4, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes presents to the emergency department with confusion and lethargy. His family reports that he has been increasingly drowsy over the past two days. On examination, he is disoriented to time and place, with a blood pressure of 150/90 mmHg, heart rate of 88 bpm, respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute, and temperature of 36.5°C. Laboratory tests reveal: sodium 130 mmol/L, potassium 5.8 mmol/L, bicarbonate 18 mmol/L, urea 25 mmol/L, creatinine 450 µmol/L, and glucose 8 mmol/L. An ECG shows peaked T waves. What is the most appropriate immediate management step?

A 55-year-old man with a history of renal transplant on immunosuppression presents with a 2-week history of low-grade fever, malaise, and dull right upper quadrant discomfort. Physical examination is unremarkable except for mild tenderness on deep palpation of the right upper quadrant. Blood tests show a mild leucocytosis and elevated CRP. Imaging is performed. Based on the clinical presentation and imaging findings, what is the most appropriate next diagnostic step?

A 55-year-old renal transplant recipient on long-term immunosuppression presents with a 2-week history of low-grade fever, malaise, and dull right upper quadrant discomfort. Physical exam is unremarkable except for mild tenderness. Labs show mild leucocytosis and elevated CRP. Imaging is shown. Based on these findings, what is the most appropriate immediate management step?

A 25-year-old man presents with a history of recurrent urinary tract calculi. Which of the following is most likely to help him reduce the recurrent rate of calculi?